派老師的英語世界

名詞

1. 1.         名詞的功能
2. A.        當主詞(S)

Ex: Patrick is a handsome teacher.

1. B.         當受詞(O)

Ex: Many girls like Patrick.

1. C.         當主詞補語(SC)

Ex: The handsome guy standing there is Patrick.

1. D.        當受詞補語(OC)

Ex: I call the boy Patrick.

1. 2.         名詞的分類
2. A.         可數名詞

(a)      普通名詞：同類的人、地、物的共同名稱。

              Ex: boy, pen, student…

(b)      集合名詞：同種類的人，動物或物的集合體的名稱。同時具有單    

              數與複數形，但是表達的意思不同。

              Ex: family, class, staff, team…

1. B.          不可數名詞

(a)      專有名詞：

(1)      自然現象：

sunlight, sunshine, lightning, thunder, weather, darkness, heat,

light, rain, snow, electricity, energy

(2)      學科 (-ics, -ology, -graphy)：

mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, politics, mechanics, 

genetics, linguistics, electronics, athletics, biology, psychology

(3)      疾病：

measles, diabetes, rabies

(4)      語言：

English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish

(5)      不可觸及的：

work, kindness, education, health, attention, wealth, experience, laughter, information, news, knowledge, intelligence, entertainment, hope, enjoyment, population, percent, suspicion, relief, advice, time

(6)      運動或遊戲：

billiards (撞球), darts (飛鏢遊戲), cards (紙牌遊戲)

draughts (西洋棋)

(b)      物質名詞：

(1)      fluids 流體：

 water, oil, petroleum, gasoline, soup, juice, tea, coffee, wine

(2)      gases 氣體：

air, smoke, steam, vapor, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

(3)      particles 微體：

1. i.            粒  狀：sugar, salt, rice, corn
2. ii.         粉  狀：powder, flour, sand, dust
3. iii.       細根狀：grass, hair

(4)      可觸及的：

1. i.            食品：food, meat, fruit, bread
2. ii.         原料：stone, iron, copper, paper, glass, silver, wood, cloth
3. iii.       總稱：furniture, luggage, clothing, mail, traffic, equipment,

             garbage / trash / rubbish

(c)      抽象名詞：

(1)      人  名：Patrick

(2)      地  名：Madrid

(3)      國家名：France

(4)      海洋名：the Pacific Ocean

1. 2.         名詞的用法
   1. A.         普通名詞的特點

(a)      單數普通名詞之前加a或an。注意，a接在字首發「子音」的字，an接在字首發「母音」的字。

 Ex: The movie is adapted from a novel.

 Ex: The fruit is an apple.

 注意：

 Ex: It is a useful book.

 Ex: The captain is a one-eyed man.

(b)      複數普通名詞，字尾通常加s。如果字尾-s時(發/z/和/s/的音)，以及字尾是-sh, -ch, -ss的時候，則必須加es (此時發/z/的音)。

Ex: Three bombs are put on three buses.

Ex: Those are boxes and watches.

(c)      普通名詞如果是指特定的某人、某地或某物（通常後面有形容片語或子句），則必須加上定冠詞the：

 Ex: The book on my desk is new.

 Ex: This is the pencil which Tom gave me.

(d)      普通名詞前面如有指示形容詞（this, that）、所有格（my, your , Tom’s, Mary’s, dog’s以及every, each, no, one等字時，則不可再加上冠詞a, an或the。

Ex: This is my a BMW. (X)

Ex: This is my BMW. (O)

Ex: This is a BMW. (O)

Ex: Every a student has to study hard. (X)

Ex: Every student has to study hard. (O)

(e)      恆複數名詞：永遠要視為複數。

成雙成對

1. i.            工具：binoculars, glasses, scales, scissors, shears, spectacles
2. ii.         穿著：pants, pajamas, shoes, trousers, underpants, braces
3. iii.       其他：arms, goods, regards, belongings, customs, odds,

          headquarters, surroundings, clothes, earnings, means,

          thanks, stairs

(f)       單複數同形：不管是單數還是複數，都是同一個長相。

1. i.            種類：series (系列), species (物種)
2. ii.         國籍：Taiwanese (台灣人), Japanese (日本人)
3. iii.       魚類：fish, salmon, carp
4. iv.       哺乳類：deer, reindeer, sheep

 Ex: A series of goods is displayed in the shopping mall.

 Ex: Series of goods are displayed in the shopping mall.

 Ex: A Japanese climbs to Jade Mountain within 3 hours.

 Ex: Japanese climb to Jade Mountain within 3 hours.

補充：人種的單複數

(g)      「(定)冠詞 + 單數普通名詞」可代表同種類的全體。

    公式：

   a(n) + N + V單數

        è the + N + V單數

        è Ns + V複數

        Ex: A monkey has long arms.

        è The monkey has long arms.

        è Monkeys have long arms.

1. B.          集合名詞的特點

(a)      集合名詞表示「組成份子」的時候，也就是表示「人」的時候，要視為「複數名詞」。

(b)      集合名詞表示「集合體」的時候，也就是表示「物體」的時候，要視為「單數名詞」。

例如：

1. i.            class：表示「班級學生」的時候，視為「複數名詞」。

          表示「班級」的時候，視為「單數名詞」。

1. ii.         family：表示「家人」的時候，視為「複數名詞」。

           表示「家庭」的時候，視為「單數名詞」。

1. iii.       committee：表示「委員們」的時候，視為「複數名詞」。

                       表示「委員會」的時候，視為「單數名詞」。

1. iv.       people：表示「人們」的時候，視為「複數名詞」。

           表示「民族」的時候，視為「單數名詞」。

                 Ex: My family is a big one.

 Ex: My family are all working in metropolis.

 Ex: The class are cheating during the test.

 Ex: The class has 50 students.

 Ex: The Chinese are a hard-working people.

 Ex: Many people are absent from this meeting today.

(c)      有些集合名詞本身已經是複數形，所以使用的時候不需要加上s，而且必須和複數動詞連用。

the police (警方), crew (船員), mankind (人類), cattle (牛群), poultry (家畜)

            Ex: The police are searching for evidence on the scene.

    Ex: The crew are pulling up the net.

    Ex: Poultry are raised by every household in the country.

(d)      有些集合名詞要視為不可數名詞。也就是「不能在單字後面加上s，也不能加上冠詞」，但是表示特定的時候可以加上the。

furniture (傢俱), machinery (機器), baggage / luggage (行李),

news (新聞), scenery (風景), jewelry (珠寶), clothing (衣物),

poetry (詩歌), merchandise (商品)

     Ex: Passengers checked their baggage / luggage / suitcases before

        boarding the plane.

           (旅客上飛機前托運了行李)

1. C.          抽象名詞的特點

(a)      抽象名詞也可以轉變成普通名詞。

        Ex: Albert is so stubborn and therefore there is no room for

           negotiation.

        Ex: Necessity is the mother of invention.

        Ex: Failure is the mother of success.

(b)      抽象名詞常用的句型

1. i.            of + (great, no) + 抽象名詞 = 形容詞

(1)      of importance = important

(2)      of significance = significant

(3)      of essence = essential

(4)      of help = helpful

(5)      of use = useful

(6)      of no use = useless

(7)      of value = valuable

(8)      of ability = able

(9)      of wisdom = wise

(10) of talent = talented

(11) of experience = experienced

        Ex: Getting up early is important to our health.

        è Getting up early is of importance to our health.

1. ii.         with / on / in / by + 抽象名詞 = 副詞

(1)      with ease = easily

(2)      with care = carefully

(3)      with patience = patiently

(4)      on purpose = purposely

(5)      in haste = hastily

(6)      in triumph = triumphantly

(7)      by accident / chance = accidentally

(8)      by nature = naturally

(9)      by mistake = mistakenly

(10)by instinct = instinctively

        Ex: 上星期我去日本的時候巧遇AV女優。

        è I met an AV actress by accident / chance / accidentally when I

           went to Japan last week.

        è I ran into / bumped into / came across / happened to meet an AV

           actress by accident / chance when I went to Japan last week.

1. iii.       To + 所有格 + 情緒的抽象名詞，表示「令人…的是」

(1)      To one’s surprise

(2)      To one’s relief

(3)      To one’s delight / pleasure

(4)      To one’s sorrow

(5)      To one’s pity

(6)      To one’s disappointment

(7)      To one’s satisfaction / content

        Ex: To my surprise, the hot chick has a crush on the nerd.

1. iv.       尺寸表達法：in + 度量抽象名詞 = 形容詞

(1)      長：in length = long

(2)      寬：in width = wide

(3)      高：in height = tall / high

(4)      深：in depth = deep

(5)      厚：in thickness = thick

        Ex: The skyscraper is 200 meters high / in height.

        Ex: The EeePC is only 40 centimeters long / in length.

1. v.          S + be + very + 形容詞

         è S + be + all + 抽象名詞

         è S + be + 抽象名詞 + itself

Ex: The knockout is very kind.

è The knockout is all kindness.

è The knockout is kindness itself.

(1)      all ears，表示「洗耳恭聽」。

(2)      all tears，表示「淚流滿面」。

(3)      all thumbs，表示「笨手笨腳」。

(4)      all nerves，表示「緊張兮兮」。

(5)      all eyes，表示「全神貫注」。

(6)      all smiles，表示「眉開眼笑」。

1. D.         專有名詞的特點

(a)      一般用法：前面不能加上冠詞，後面不能加上s。

(b)      特殊情況：

1. i.            the + 姓氏s = the 姓氏全家人 + 複數動詞

Ex: The Wangs are sent to the hospital after rescue.

è The Wang family are sent to the hospital after rescue.

1. ii.         the + 專有名詞 + of…，表示「像…同性質的」。

Ex: Patrick is adept at tennis. He appears to be the Sampras of

   today.

1. iii.       像…的人

Ex: I hope to be a Buffett in the future.

Ex: There are many Johns in class.

1. iv.       一位叫…的人

Ex: A: Hey, Emily. There is a Patrick on the line.

   B: OK, wait a second.

1. 3.         名詞的所有格
2. A.         有生命的所有格

N’s = the + 所有物N + of + 所有者

Ex: Patrick’s byword = a byword of Patrick

1. B.          無生命的所有格

    the + 所有物N + of + 所有者

   Ex: 花花公子的封面

   è  the cover of the Playboy

1. C.          複數名詞的所有格

(a)      字尾有s的時候，只加上「’」。

Ex: 男孩們的秘密è boys’ secret

(b)      不規則的複數名詞(字尾沒有s的話)，則加上「’s」。

    Ex: 男人的談話è men’s talk

    Ex: children’s games

    Ex: people’s rights

1. D.         複合字的所有格

最後一個字的後面加上「’s」。

Ex: 我岳父的車è my father-in-law’s car

1. E.         特殊情況：

(a)      距離 + ’s：one hundred meters’ distance

(b)      時間+ ’s：yesterday’s news

(c)      價值+ ’s：one thousand dollars’ lunch box

(d)      重量+ ’s：five kilograms’ baby

(e)      慣用語+ ’s：

• Ø         看在老天的份上：for God’s / Christ’s sake
• Ø         看在良心的份上：for conscience’s sake
• Ø         江郎才盡：at one’s wit’s end
• Ø         隨心所欲：to one’s heart’s content

1. F.           名詞所有格的省略

(a)      所有格後面的名詞如果是store, shop, home, house, church, hospital…的時候，經常被省略。

Ex: I saw the bitch at my uncle’s (house).

è I saw the bitch at the vet’s (hospital).

è I saw the bitch at the barber’s (shop).

è I saw the bitch at McDonald’s (restaurant).

è I saw the bitch at my mother’s (store).

1. 4.         名詞的複數
2. A.        規則變化

1. B.         不規則變化

1. C.         複合名詞的複數

1. D.        例外

下面的這些單字，雖然字尾是f或是fe結尾，但是變成複數形的時候，只要加上s就可以了。

1. 5.         常見的單位量詞

1. 6.         數量形容詞

(a)      後面接單數名詞

(b)      後面接複數名詞

(c)      後面接不可數名詞

(d)      後面接可數名詞

(e)      後面接可數／不可數名詞

1. 7.         the other / another的用法 (p. 142)

(a)      N = 2；one … the other  (有限定範圍)

Ex: I have two girlfriends. One lives in Taipei. The other (one) lives

   in Taichung.

(b)      N = 2；one … another  (沒有限定範圍)

 Ex: I have many girlfriends. One lives in Taipei. Another (one) lives

    in Taichung.

(c)      N = 3；one … another … the other

Ex: I have three girlfriends. One lives in Taipei. Another (one) lives

   in Taichung. The other lives in Kaohsiung

(d)      N≧3；one … another … (still) another … the other

Ex: Every one has five fingers. One is your thumb. Another (one)is

   your index finger. Another (one) is your middle finger. Another

   (one) is your ring finger. The other (one) is your little finger.

1. 8.         other(s)和the other(s)

(a)      other(s)，表示「沒有限定範圍」。

(b)      the other(s)，表示「有限定範圍」。

Ex: Many people get up early in the morning. Others / Other people

   like to sleep until noon.

Ex: There are four seasons. Spring and summer are two. The others /

   The other seasons are autumn and winter.

Exercises

1. 1.      (A) The road is thirty feet            .

1. 2.      (C) The rich man lives in a             building.

1. 3.      (D) Machines are             no use without the power to run them.

1. 4.      (A) The witness withheld             information from the police.

1. 5.      (B) There are many             here.

1. 6.      (B) Bruce drank             coffee every morning.

1. 7.      (D) The tailor cut the cloth with            .  

1. 8.      (B) The police officer gave some advices on crime prevention at the

                 A              B              C

      community meeting.

                  D

1. 9.      (A) Physicists is a fascinating course of study to follow.

          A     B            C             D

10.(C) During the ten years when he was a politic, his policies changed

            A      B                C        D

      drastically.

11.(D) In a person’s lifetime, the brain can store 100 trillion pieces of

               A                          B       C

      informations.

           D

12.(C) When the limestone just below the ground surface dissolves, the

                 A             B

       lands collapse and forms ponds.

        C              D

13.(B) The seemingly endless attacks of mosquitoes, fly, and other pests

       A                                   B

      can ruin the otherwise enjoyable outing in the woods.

                                  C          D

14.(B) A pack of wolf can encircle and kill a moose.

      A        B       C             D

15.(A) Human brain are more powerful than those of other species

           A                                   B

      because of their complex circuitry.

                        C      D

16.(A) Many Chineses connect the word “happiness” with the symbols

           A           B            

      for white, silk, and trees.

          C           D

17.(C) The freedom of Information Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in

                                   A   

      1966, gives U.S. citizen the right of access to public records.

            B        C              D

1. 18.       (D) The sale of pet turtles was banned because of the disease risk

        A            B

       they posed to young child.

        C                D

1. 19.       (C) As soon as they were seated, the man began to whisper among

           A              B       C                  D

        themselves.

1. 20.       (C) Lubricating oil is an oil that is used to make machineries run

                        A             B       C

       smoothly and quietly.

          D